The Effectiveness of Community-Based Conservation Area Management Policies in Reducing the Rate of Forest Encroachment in Indonesia
Keywords:
community-based conservation; forest encroachment; conservation areas; environmental policy; Indonesia.Abstract
Forest encroachment remains one of the primary threats to the integrity of conservation areas in Indonesia. The Community-Based Conservation (CBC) approach is believed to reduce pressure on forest areas while improving the welfare of local communities. However, the effectiveness of CBC policies in Indonesia has not been comprehensively and systematically evaluated. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of CBC policy implementation in reducing forest encroachment rates in Indonesia using a meta-analysis of 42 case studies across 14 provinces for the period 2010-2024. Quantitative forest encroachment data were obtained from Landsat and MODIS satellite imagery, while policy data were compiled from official government documents and program evaluation reports. Results show that conservation areas with active CBC schemes experienced an average reduction in encroachment rates of 47.3% compared to areas without CBC (p < 0.001, 95% CI: 38.2-56.4%). Key success factors include strength of local institutions, clarity of area boundaries, availability of alternative livelihoods, and intensity of government facilitation. Conversely, CBC failures were predominantly caused by weak cross-sectoral coordination, unclear tenure rights, and insufficient sustainable funding. These findings imply the need for conservation policy reform that better accommodates indigenous and local community roles, with strengthened tenure aspects and long-term financing
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